Background: The expansion of the use of audio AND video media technology has faced society with many medical, cultural AND economic challenges. In the meantime, excessive use of mobile phones can cause many problems. Objective: The aim of this study was to construct AND validate a questionnaire on PHYSICAL AND psychological injuries of mobile phones. Method: The method of the present study was descriptive-correlational AND confirmatory factor analysis. The statistical population of the study consisted of all citizens of Khorramabad with a diploma or higher in 1399, which was selected as a statistical sample by available sampling method of 200 people online AND virtual. Results: The results showed that the factorized PHYSICAL AND psychological harm questionnaire of cell phone with 42 questions AND 10 components (fear of loss, vibration syndrome, duck syndrome, nomophobia, insomnia, hearing problem, eye syndrome, tunnel AND neck syndrome SMS) AND has good reliability, validity AND flexibility in terms of psychometrics. Discussion AND Conclusion: The questionnaire of factor analysis of PHYSICAL AND psychological injuries of mobile phones can be used to identify AND study the PHYSICAL AND psychological injuries of mobile phones.

In order to investigate the effect of vermicompost on PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SOIL, an experiment was carried out in split plot based on complete rANDomized block design in three replications in Sari Agricultural Sciences AND Natural Resources University. The PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SOIL included bulk density, particle density, total porosity, water holding capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity, pH, organic carbon AND electrical conductivity in SOIL. Six levels of fertilizer treatments (T1= control, T2= CHEMICAL fertilizer, T3= 20 tons vermicompost + 1/2 T2, T4 = 20 tons / hac vermicompost + 1/2 T2, T5= 40 tons vermicompost + 1/2 T2 AND T6= 40 tons / hac vermicompost) AND three levels of application years, one year of fertilization (1385), two consecutive years of fertilization (1385 AND 1386) AND three consecutive years of fertilization (1385, 1386, 1387). The results of the study showed that the application of these treatments in SOIL were significantly effective in increasing the total porosity, water holding capacity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity, organic carbon electrical conductivity AND in decreasing the bulk density, particle density AND pH compared to control. In Contrast years of consumption of fertilizer did not have any significant effect on the PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of the SOIL except for FC, PWP, AWC, pH, OC AND EC. The interaction between years of consumption of fertilizers were significantly different only in particle density AND field capacity.

Collection of flood in arid regions is done by several methods. One of them is traditionally used in Khorasan province named BANDsar. Collection of floods in the reservoirs of BANDsar has such benefits as deposition of the sediment, increase of SOIL moisture, AND recharging of ground water. In this study, the effects of flood collection on SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES were determined for an area in BirjAND town, south of Khorasan province. It was found that collection of floods in BANDsar affected the SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. It should be noted that these effects were more obvious for PHYSICAL characteristics since it improved SOIL condition AND structure. On the other hAND, it CHEMICALly increased mineral AND organic matter in SOIL; however, this effect was not sensible. Generally, it can be mentioned that flood collection in the BANDsar was important both for ground water recharging AND cropping. Finally, paying enough attention to this aspect of flood mitigation can solve many problems related to drought in arid area.

Human agricultural AND industrial activities have led to the increasing production of wastes with adverse effects onthe environmentdue to their improper disposal. One solution to reduce pressure on the environment isto plan for appropriate uses of waste materials. Biochar is a carbonaceous material producedin a process called ‘ Pyrolysis’ which involves incomplete combustion of biomass AND wastes in mediawith no or limited supply of oxygen. Biocharenjoyslong-term persistence in SOIL AND the process is mainly used for waste management, climate change mitigation, energy production, AND SOIL amelioration. Theunique PROPERTIES of biocharmake it especially useful for SOIL application as it contributes to SOIL amelioration. It is capable ofaffectingsuch SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES as SOIL structure, bulk density, AND hydraulic conductivity, or such SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES as pH, cation AND anion exchange capacity, AND organic content while it alsoimprovessuch SOIL biological PROPERTIES as microbial population, activity, AND diversity as well asenzyme activity, all of which ultimately lead toenhanced plant yield. Although most reports have focused on the useful effects of biocharon SOIL, some have also investigated its negative effects.

Depending on effluent characteristics, irrigation with wastewater plant effluent can be either beneficial or harmful. To investigate the effects of nine years of irrigation with North Isfahan Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent on PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of SOIL, a study was carried out using a rANDomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included: 1) raw wastewater; 2) effluent from primary settling basin; 3) final plant effluent AND 4) well water. To investigate SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, samples were taken from depths of 0-5 cm AND 5-10 cm from each plot. The results showed that raw wastewater COD AND SS were higher than the Iranian StANDard limits for use in irrigation. So were BOD5 AND turbidity of effluent from primary sedimentation tanks. From the results obtained, the raw wastewater may be considered to be of medium quality. However, regarding other parameters such as EC, SAR, Na AND Pb, the quality of the raw wastewater was considerably higher than that of well water. All treatments showed medium infiltrability with respect to chloride concentration. The concentration of lead in well water was higher than in treated wastewater. It should be noted that lead concentration in all samples was less than the stANDard limits. The average SOIL bulk density AND percentage of moisture in FC did not follow any specific trend. The results indicate that the SOIL irrigated with effluent over the nine years had a lower bulk density, a higher percentage of moisture, AND a lower infiltration compared to adjacent SOIL not irrigated with wastewater. Analysis of variance for all results did not confirm any significant differences among treatments.

Introduction: SOIL moisture regime refers to the presence or absence either of ground water or of water held at a tension of less than 1500 kPa in the SOIL or in specific horizons during periods of the year. It is the most important factor in SOIL formation, SOIL evolution AND fertility affecting on crop production AND management. Also, it widely is practical in SOIL classification AND SOIL mapping. The SOIL moisture regime depends on the SOIL PROPERTIES, climatic AND weather conditions, characteristics of natural plant formations AND, in cultivated SOILs, is affected by the characteristics of crops grown, as well as the cultivation practices. Determination of SOIL moisture regime within a lANDscape scale requires high information AND data about moisture balance of SOIL profile during some years according to SOIL Survey Manual (2010). This approach is very expensive, labor, time AND cost consuming. Therefore, achievement to an alternative approach is seems essential to overcome these problems. The main hypothesis of this study was to use capability of magnetic susceptibility as a cheap AND rapid technique could determine the SOIL moisture regimes. Magnetic PROPERTIES of SOILs reflect the impacts of SOIL mineral composition, particularly the quantity of ferrimagnetic minerals such as maghemite AND magnetite. Magnetic susceptibility measurements can serve a variety of applications including the changes in SOIL forming processes AND ecological services, understANDing of lithological effects, insight of sedimentation processes AND SOIL drainage.Materials AND Methods: This study was conducted in an area located between 36°46َ’ 10˝ AND 37° 2’ 28˝N latitudes, AND 54° 29’ 31˝AND 55° 12’ 47˝E longitudes in Golestan province, northern Iran. In the study region mean annual temperature varies from 12.4 to 19.4 °C. The average annual rainfall AND evapotranspiration varies from 230 mm AND 2335 mm in Inchebrun district (Aridic regime), to 732 mm AND 846 mm in Touskstan uplANDs (Udic regime), respectively. this study was conducted in four SOIL moisture regimes (Aridic, Xeric, Udic AND Aquic), for exploring the relationships between SOIL PROPERTIES AND magnetic measures. In each regimes, 25 SOIL profiles were drug, described AND SOIL samples were collected from each of SOIL horizons. SOIL samples were airdried AND sieved using a 2 mm sieve. The dithionite-citrate bicarbonate (DCB) method was used to measure Fed AND acid ammonium oxalate for Feo. In this study, a set of environmental magnetic parameters including magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (clf), saturation isothermal remnant magnetization (SIRM), isothermal remnant magnetization (IRM100 mT) were measured. Magnetic susceptibility (c) was measured at low frequency (0.47 kHz; clf) AND high frequency (4.7 kHz; chf) using a Bartington MS2 dual frequency sensor using approximately 20 g of SOIL held in a four-dram clear plastic vial (2.3 cm diameter). Frequency dependent susceptibility (cfd) was determined by the difference between the high AND low frequency measurements as a percentage of c at low frequency. IRM was measured at the field of 100 mT generated in a Molspin pulse magnetizer (IRM100mT) AND at the back field of 100mT (IRM − 100mT). The IRM acquired in the maximum field of 1000 mT was measured AND defined as the saturation isothermal remnant magnetization (SIRM) of the SOIL sample.Results AND Discussion: The results showed that moisture regime induced significant differences for SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. Diversities in genetic SOIL horizons AND SOIL development degree have been increased from Aridic to Udic SOIL moisture regime. The results also indicated that selected PROPERTIES including magnetic measures AND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES were significantly different in four SOIL moisture regimes. With increasing rainfall AND reducing temperature from aridic to udic SOIL moisture regime, SOIL organic matter was increased. Otherwise, in arid environment Gypsic, Calcic AND Salic horizons were observed in the near of SOIL surface. Fed AND Fed-Feo were the highest in udic AND the lowest in udic SOIL moisture regime, respectively. Moreover, higher SOIL development because of climate effect leaded to higher amount of pedogenic ferromagnetic minerals, as well as the highest were observed in the Udic regime. Otherwise, in Aquic moisture regime, the lowest value of magnetic susceptibility was obtained because of dissolution of ferromagnetic minerals (magnetite AND maghemite) under supersaturating condition. In overall, close relationships were observed between SOIL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND magnetic measures in various SOIL moisture regimes.

It is widely known that the development of gullies causes the loss of a great amount of SOIL AND can be considered as one of the principal causes of geo-environmental degradation. The study area of the present research is located in the eastern shores of Urmia Lake. This study sought to evaluate the rate of growth AND effective factors on the area’s gully dynamic over a year. To achieve this goal, levels of Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), pH, types of SOIL, AND morphometric analysis were used for categorizing AND analyzing effective factors on the creation of gully erosion. In addition, as the climate index, the coefficient of moisture in the area’s formation for analyzing the area’s gully erosion potential was also employed as relevant indicators. The results based on climate indices show that the area’s gully erosion potential is high. Analyzing the taken samples’ structures indicated that the constructing components of geological formations provided highly appropriate conditions for vertical AND horizontal leveling of gullies because of the weak building of aggregates in a way that the results of the morphometric monitoring of the gullies represent the area’s high growth speed AND dynamicity. High accumulation of soluble salts especially high values of SAR AND EC have led to dissolution erosion that provides the conditions for creating tunnel erosion. The results of the research showed gully erosion formation in the study area AND its expansion due to two factors, climate factors together with the CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL characteristics of an area’s SOILs. The results of the present research are of great importance for gully erosion modeling tasks in the study area AND can be used as the base of future researches for identifying the relevant criteria AND indicators in gully erosions.